Testicular cancer is one of the most common cancers in young men. In the United States, according to the American Cancer Society, roughly 10,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and it is most frequently seen in males between the ages of 20-34, according to the National Cancer Institute. Despite its impact on younger adults, testicular cancer is highly curable, especially when detected early.
Common symptoms include a painless lump or swelling in one testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, a dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen, or a sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum.
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical exam and scrotal ultrasound to evaluate any mass. Blood tests for tumor markers (such as AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH) help characterize the tumor and monitor response to treatment. If testicular cancer is suspected, the standard first step is surgical removal of the affected testicle through an inguinal incision, a procedure called radical inguinal orchiectomy. This surgery provides tissue for a definitive diagnosis and is also a primary treatment. Depending on the cancer type and stage, additional therapies may include active surveillance, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or further surgery (such as lymph node dissection).
A few important risk and warning signs to keep in mind include
- Risk factors: History of undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), prior testicular cancer, family history of testicular cancer, certain genetic conditions, and Caucasian race (higher incidence).
- When to seek care quickly: Any new testicular lump or firmness, noticeable size change, persistent ache or discomfort in the testicle or groin, or sudden swelling in the scrotum should prompt evaluation by a clinician—preferably a urologist.
Even in advanced cases where cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, modern therapies result in very high long-term survival rates for most patients. Because most men diagnosed are in school, early careers, or starting families, care often includes discussion of fertility preservation (such as sperm banking) before chemotherapy or radiation.
Coordinated care at WashU Medicine
If you have testicular symptoms, have been diagnosed with testicular cancer, or are concerned about your risk, seeking timely, specialized evaluation is essential. At WashU Medicine, patients benefit from a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach. The Division of Urologic Surgery works closely with medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and supportive care specialists to coordinate care when testicular or pelvic cancers intersect with colorectal and abdominal conditions. This team-based model ensures that complex treatment plans—including surgery, chemotherapy, and long-term surveillance—are thoughtfully integrated and individualized.
To learn more or schedule an appointment: 314-362-8200
Our team can help you understand your diagnosis, review treatment options, and connect you with the right specialists in urologic oncology and related disciplines.